for Contractors/Vendors for Government Entities for State Employees for the Public
 
spacer
 

HRDOffice of Training & Development > OCPM >


OCPM Logo

OCPM Curriculum

The Information listed below is valid up to and including Cohort 38.

The OCPM curriculum is 300 hours of professional management and leadership training in four learning areas. More specifically, those learning areas include General Administration Skills; Technical, Quantitative and Qualitative Skills; Analytical and Conceptual Skills; and Human Relations Skills.

As participants progress through each learning area, the OCPM program curriculum is designed to allow participants to focus from a whole systems approach to specific and practical skill development. There is a deliberate design in the curriculum sequence to build on the content learned in previous workshops. Participants are required to complete two job-related projects that encompass all four learning areas. The final component of the projects is the Shared Learning Exchange.

The final Capstone series of events integrates the knowledge and skills acquired in previous OCPM Program workshops. This experience is designed to synthesize and reinforce the learning that has occurred as a result of the comprehensive curriculum studied during the two-year program.

Top

Learning Area Descriptions

General Administration and Organization

This learning area covers knowledge and skills in general management, the role, functions, responsibilities and skills of the effective public manager, managerial ethics and professionalism, planning models, the nature of organizational goal setting, organizational design, organizational assessment and policy analysis and evaluation.

Technical and Quantitative

This learning area includes workshops on accounting principles, the state budgetary process and practices used in public jurisdictions, basic knowledge of the capabilities, limitation and uses of computers, statutes and regulations that govern employment law, the responsibilities and potential liabilities of managerial actions, and the basic principles of administrative law.

Analytical and Conceptual

This learning area covers knowledge and skills in problem solving, decision-making models, research design and data analysis, quantitative and qualitative methods, and the tools necessary to analyze trends for managers to make reliable projections.

Human Relations

This learning area covers knowledge and skills in interpersonal and organizational communication, leadership styles and the impact on employee morale and productivity, motivation, including setting performance standards and performance feedback, the principles of work groups, and conflict management.

Top

OCPM Curriculum by Learning Area

Click on class name for description
GENERAL ADMINISTRATION SKILLS (GA)
TECHNICAL, QUANTITATIVE & QUALITATIVE SKILLS (TQQ)
ANALYTICAL & CONCEPTUAL SKILLS (AC)
HUMAN RELATIONS SKILLS (HR)
.
.

.

..

Top

OCPM CLASSES, OVERVIEWS AND OUTCOMES

IN ALPHA ORDER

Classes

Overview & Learning Outcomes

Assessment Center

(HR)

(3 Credit Hours)

Quarter 3

Overview: To be determined

Breakthrough Thinking

(AC)

(6 Credit Hours)
Quarter 3

Overview: This workshop content will supply creative ideas that foster innovative thinking both from managers and employees.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand dimensions of creativity
  • .Learn the barriers to fostering creativity in the workplace.
  • Identify innovative problem-solving techniques.
  • Learn how to turn ideas into creative solutions.

Budgeting for Certified Public Managers

(TQQ)

(6 Credit Hours)
Quarter 7

Overview: This workshop content will increase understanding of basic budget concepts. A step-by-step budgeting process will be emphasized.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Define basic terms used in a budgeting process.
  • Review budget process steps.
  • Identify several cost estimation techniques.
  • Recognize an out-of-control budget and methods to correct budgetary problems.
  • Understand budget-reporting processes.

Capstone Event-Contemporary Issues Case Study

(GA)(TQQ)(AC)(HR)

(6 Credit Hours)
Quarter 8

Overview: This workshop involves key officials who are closely involved in a public policy issue. They will discuss the background and history of the problem as well as current issues and what is being proposed.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand leadership roles in government and their community.
  • Increase understanding of a complex public policy issue.
  • Prepare and present information contributing to a complex public policy issue.
  • Learn firsthand about a specific issue and the effectiveness of various approaches from experienced public policy leaders.
  • Formulate and discuss the ramifications of a solution to a complex public policy issue.
  • Better understand the dynamics of policymaking across governmental branches, public and private organizations, and the citizenry.

Capstone Event-Legislative Process and Simulation

(GA)(TQQ)(AC)(HR)

(12 Credit Hours)

Quarter 8

Overview: This workshop content describes the process of creating a law. Because OCPM certified individuals serve the public, it is critical that those individuals understand the legislative process. Legislatures are equipped to make dramatic, comprehensive and relatively rapid changes in the laws that are needed to respond to the numerous and vast technological, social and economic innovations that arise. Legislatures are independent and able to choose the issues they wish to address. This workshop includes a simulation of the lawmaking process that is well suited for making drastic legislative changes. Actual examples will be presented.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand the legislative branch of Ohio government.
  • Become familiar with the lawmaking process.
  • Understand how the legislative body chooses issues to address.
  • Understand how to make dramatic changes in the law.
  • Experience a simulated legislative process.
  • Understand how legislation has become the primary source of new law in Ohio.

Career Success Plan

(HR)

(6 Credit Hours)

Quarter 4

Overview: Regardless of your current position or role, future decisions will be easier and more valid if you have a clear understanding of your own motives, values, interests, talents and orientation toward work. This session will help you explore your career aspirations, reflect on feedback and assessment experiences, and begin to actively manage your own development and success.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Relate adult career theory and management trends in the public sector to your own career needs.
  • Identify career development implications of MBTI type theory, career anchors, and the OCPM Program Assessment Center experience.
  • Identify talents, skills, interests and values that have influenced your career path.
  • Begin an individual strategic career success plan to guide your efforts for development and learning.

Change Management

(AC)

(6 Credit Hours)

Quarter 4

Overview: This workshop content will focus on identifying the need to change within a public organization, successfully implementing the change process itself, and creating positive employee reaction to change initiatives.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand how individuals recognize, choose, plan and support change initiatives.
  • Learn the three critical elements of managing organizational change.
  • Know decision-making styles which build consensus for change efforts.
  • Understand alignment methods. Learn about the "least resistance" strategy.
  • Understand stages in the change process and various reactions to that process.
  • Identify strategies to overcome resistance to change.
  • Understand the "force-field" or "brick wall" that emerges as change is introduced.

Communication Skills

(HR)

(6 Credit Hours)

Quarter 3

Overview: This workshop teaches the concepts and techniques of effective communication, particularly in the realm of public service, so that participants will be able to devise potential measures or revise existing performance measures in their system.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Recognize elements of effective communication.
  • Demonstrate the process for effective communication.
  • Identify and minimize common barriers to effective communication.
  • Recognize verbal and non-verbal cues and react to them appropriately.
  • Demonstrate appropriate non-verbal cues.
  • Demonstrate active listening techniques and reflective response.
  • Clarify information with proper use of questioning techniques.
  • Prepare and present helpful feedback

back to chart

Consulting Skills

(AC)

(6 Credit Hours)

 

Quarter 5

Overview: Consulting Skills is an important workshop in the Managing in Public Organizations curriculum. Many of you are invited to support other people in the accomplishment of their goals. They are in charge; you are not. And yet you want to do your work well, to succeed personally and to satisfy the organization with which you are working. This course provides important tools and strategies to assist you in meeting this challenge.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand the roles and responsibilities of an internal consultant. Identify strengths and opportunities for improving your consulting skills.
  • Build a professional and results-oriented relationship with customers.
  • Use strategies to effectively manage the consulting process.
  • Plan questions that can help you gain insight and information.
  • Use strategies to address common pitfalls when working as an internal consultant.
  • Use tools to successfully complete the OCPM project.

Contract Management

(TQQ)

(3 Credit Hours)

Quarter 7

Overview: This workshop content will improve a manager's ability to negotiate a contract, as well as assessing the contract's effectiveness.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Improve ability to plan, award and administer a negotiated acquisition.
  • Learn the difference between competitive, negotiated and sealed bid methods of acquiring supplies and services.
  • Gain knowledge to prepare the solicitation.
  • Design evaluation factors.
  • Identify the role of cost and price analysis.
  • Conduct an effective negotiation conference.

Defining the Right Outcomes

(AC)

(6 Credit Hours)
Quarter 3
 

Overview: Managing for high performance depends upon a manager’s ability to focus the organization and the employees on performance.  That focus is possible only when those results or outcomes that are deemed valuable by stakeholders and customers have been clearly defined, and those organizational and employee competencies needed to achieve those outcomes have been clearly articulated.  The strategy mapping process is a simple one-page tool that enables managers to identify and clarify those outcomes that will create value for the organization.  his workshop enhances participant's ability to ask critical question regarding quantitative data they utilize for program and policy decisions. It, also provides experimental learning in analyzing survey data using a common data analysis tool.

back to chart

Data-based Decision Making

(TQQ)

(6 Credit Hours)
Quarter 3
 

Overview: This workshop enhances participant's ability to ask critical question regarding quantitative data they utilize for program and policy decisions. It, also provides experimental learning in analyzing survey data using a common data analysis tool.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Identify appropriate means of analyzing data for program and project work.
  • Critically evaluate data and how it is used in reports and publications.
  • Use common tools for data analysis (with assistance from a statistician) in their project work.
  • Familiarity with high quality resources and data analysis tools for future self-directed application.
  • Ability to ask critical questions regarding quantitative data.

back to chart

Developing and Leading Teams

(HR)

(6 Credit Hours)
Quarter 2

Overview: This workshop focuses on how to create and sustain a motivated and committed team. Building a productive work team depends on the ability to make decisions and lead others toward a common goal. Participants will engage in individual and group tasks and problem solving activities.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Identify the characteristics of a team and the factors/elements that contribute to team effectiveness.
  • Describe and apply the stages of team growth.
  • Develop skills for building trust and making decisions by consensus.
  • Analyze how "groupthink" practices lead to mismanaged group decisions.
  • Recognize that highly qualified team members may not produce the best results - the Apollo syndrome.
  • Apply a step-by-step problem solving process to real life situations.
  • Create an action plan that outlines what will be done to build a successful work team.

Developing People

(HR)

(12 Credit Hours)

Quarter 5

Overview: The workshop is based on research and actual case studies from several state agencies which had to deal with the following issues facing many public sector organizations: doing more with less in a time of resource constraints; making greater use of employees' talents and capabilities to improve the organization's delivery of services; providing employees with opportunities to get greater satisfaction from their work; and empowering managers of professional employees with greater participation in determining how their work units need to be structured and operated to meet goals more effectively.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Conduct development review meetings that will enable you to reach agreement with your employees on their strengths and the opportunities they have to increase their effectiveness.
  • Identify opportunities within your employees' responsibilities to make their assignments effective developmental experiences.
  • Assess the impact of your management style and practice on the motivation, productivity and development of the people who report to you.
  • Identify steps that you and your employees can take to improve performance.

Effective Presentations

(TQQ)

(12 Credit hours)

Quarter 4

 

Overview: This workshop content will reinforce the idea that when presenting ideas to colleagues or customers, even the best idea can be lost in a poor presentation.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Organize an effective presentation.
  • Deliver an effective presentation.
  • Give feedback to someone on their presentation.
  • Conduct an effective question and answer session.

Emotional Intelligence

(HR)

(6 Credit Hours)

Quarter 6

Overview: Emotional intelligence is an essential part of leadership.  Participants will identify the five key competencies associated with emotional intelligence, identify how emotional intelligence operates at work, examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and effective performance, and participate in exercises designed to start the development of necessary competencies that lead to increased emotional intelligence.

Employment Law

(TQQ)

(6 Credit Hours)

Quarter 46

Overview: This workshop is aimed at providing an awareness of employment law as a guideline for decision-making in the participant's work environment. It is intended to provide an overview of a process for effectively understanding the law as it relates to employment practices and formulating a strategy for hiring and retaining employees.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Recognize and comprehend the laws governing employment issues.
  • Avoid situations that may be viewed as discriminatory.
  • Recognize the importance of systematically looking at employment issues to formulate an effective human resource policy.
  • Frame their current working environment relative to the law.
  • Implement performance appraisals counseling according to the law and employee.
  • Understand how to deal with a post-employment situation.
  • Conform to the law to provide a productive environment for employees.

Ethics and Integrity

(GA)

(6 Credit hours)

Quarter 4

Overview: This workshop offers information and tools about ethics as a public management process. Its emphasis is on personal integrity and on the justification of public management choices.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Increase awareness of ethical dilemmas related to your work.
  • Identify and describe moral perspectives to reinforce decision-making.
  • Practice using decision-making tools to resolve ethical dilemmas.
  • Identify resources for assistance.

Facilitation Skills For Managers

(AC)

(6 Credit Hours)
Quarter 5

Overview: This workshop content will reinforce the need for managers to develop excellent facilitation skills that encourage others to assume responsibility.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Learn how to effectively guide teams.
  • Develop skills to stay focused and achieve greater meeting productivity.
  • Focus on the team process while remaining neutral.
  • Learn to be a coach, referee and cheerleader.

Government in Ohio

(GA)

(6 Credit hours)

Quarter 5

Overview: This workshop provides an explanation of the roots of Ohio's political culture within the context of state and local government policies and administration.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand basic structure of state and local government.
  • Learn how political parties drive the government.
  • Understand implications of recent political trends for public management.
  • Pay special attention to budget and finance issues.

Introduction to Baldrige

(HR)

(6 Credit hours)

Quarter 5

Overview:  High performing organizations are characterized by their capability to deliver ever-improving customer value and to improve operational performance results.  High performance depends upon both systematic, results-based processes and an integrated management system that choreographs systematic strategic initiatives.  This class will focus on the Baldrige Integrated Management System as a tool for both systematic and systemic performance improvement in organizations.

 

Influence Skills

(HR)

(6 Credit Hours)
Quarter 6

Overview: This workshop is aimed at providing an awareness of the potential for utilizing influence skills and political savvy in the participant's work environment. It is intended to provide an overview of a process for effectively understanding the political lay of the land and formulating a strategy for influence. Participants will analyze their own political environment and discuss appropriate strategies. Participants are required to read Joel DeLuca's book, Political Savvy, prior to participating in the workshop.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Be aware of the potential for utilizing influence skills and political savvy.
  • Be aware of their assumptions regarding influence and political savvy.
  • Recognize the importance of systematically looking at issues to formulate an effective influence strategy.
  • Frame their current working environment and political situation relative to influence.
  • Analyze their current environment. Understand and be able to use the mapping tool to analyze a situation.
  • Be able to apply multiple tools and tactics for planning specific ways to ethically build a critical mass of support.

Labor Relations

(TQQ)

(6 Credit Hours)

Quarter 6

Overview: This workshop content will provide an overview of labor relations and grievance procedures.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Have a better understanding of the grievance process.
  • Be better prepared to handle and respond to grievances.
  • Have a better understanding of why grievances are settled.

Managerial Accounting and Finance for Certified Public Managers

(TQQ)

(6 Credit Hours)

Quarter 7

Overview: This workshop content will provide an understanding of government structure as it relates to budgeting and accounting procedures.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Gain an overview of federal, state and local government structures.
  • Define accounting terms.
  • Understand the budget process.
  • Receive an appropriation and allocation overview.

Managing Customer Relations

(GA)

(6 Credit hours)

Quarter 6

Overview: This workshop enables participants to understand what influences customers’ perceptions and how to take action to improve customer relations.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Explain the value of customer focus in the public and nonprofit sectors.
  • View the organization as a “system” and identify how to create a positive customer experience.
  • Identify how their customers’ experiences affect their perceptions of their organization.
  • Understand customer needs and if their organization is meeting those needs
  • Know what to do when their customers have problems with the product or service.
  • Set customer service standards: internal and external
  • Identify and implement strategies to increase customer satisfaction.

Managing Differences

(HR)

(6 Credit Hours)

Quarter 6

Overview: This workshop addresses fundamental concepts underlying the "Diversity" movement. Participants will be introduced to ways of understanding and talking about human differences, which will promote healthy relationships and growth of interpersonal understanding and appreciation. Managers will learn to distinguish "Diversity" from "Affirmative Action" and "Equal Opportunity Employment" and other tools of "Social Justice." They will explore appropriate language for talking about differences and the tension between the intent of what is said and its impact on the listener. They will learn that understanding oneself and one's own richness and complexity can be a valuable tool in approaching the differences of others.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Recognize ways in which assumptions influence thinking and behavior about differences.
  • Define "diversity" and its related terms.
  • Identify some important demographic facts or trends for the United States and the State of Ohio that have influenced diversity initiatives.
  • Explore their own cultural identity and its impact on their behavior, thinking and communication style.
  • Identify ways in which diversity supports the continuous improvement process as a public manager in the State of Ohio.
  • Articulate strategies for building and enhancing inclusive work teams.
  • Relate the key concepts and skills to be fostered to their daily work and life.

Managing in Public Organizations

(GA)

(12 Credit hours)
Quarter 1

Overview: This workshop provides a description of why employees behave as they do within their work environment and how managers can translate those behaviors into productive work environments.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Clearly embed the theory and concepts that describe public systems as fundamental, critical elements of managing for a high performance workplace.
  • Critically analyze the dynamics of performance and practice from a high performance perspective.
  • Develop a management repertoire through inquiry into, and analysis of, organizational theories in action in your workplace.

Media Relations

(GA)

(3 Credit hours)

Quarter 7

Overview: This workshop provides a definition of the media relations process and the impact of effective media management on a public organization.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Recognize elements of effective public relations.
  • Recognize the role of public service within the context of media relations.
  • Understand public service announcements (PSA).
  • Understand the use and effects of technology.

Mentoring

(HR)

(3 Credit Hours)

 

Overview: This workshop will assist participants in being an inspiring and competent mentor. They will discuss the power of mentoring and the positive consequences for both mentors and mentees alike. They will learn to develop mutually beneficial expectations and objectives while also focusing on a mentee's needs and responsibilities.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand the role of the mentor.
  • Identify what mentors do to build a partnership.
  • Understand the types of mentoring assistance.
  • Use positive reinforcement and effective communication skills.
  • Use tools to help mentoring discussions.

Negotiation and Dispute Resolution

(HR)

(6 Credit Hours)

Quarter 7

Overview: This workshop content will provide an overview of the sources of conflict and how to realize the advantages and disadvantages of conflict.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Become familiar with tools for conflict assessment and pre-mediation assessment.
  • Understand conflict management approaches and techniques for facilitating conflict.
  • Describe conflict management guidelines.
  • Describe and implement a consensus process.
  • Compare and contrast interest-based negotiation.
  • Recognize mediation agreement models.

Ohio Administrative Law

(TQQ)

(3 Credit Hours)

Quarter 6

Overview: This workshop content will provide an understanding of Ohio's administrative law from a manager's perspective. Rules, obligations and rights are discussed in detail.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand how managers create and enforce rules.
  • Comprehend how public organizations are delegated authority.
  • Define rule making, adjudication, hearing rights and due process.
  • Understand a manager's obligation to provide access to information and state laws regarding data privacy.
  • Understand why and how managers involve citizens in rule making.
  • Learn different types of rules and regulations, such as substantive rules, interpretative rules and policy statements, and procedural rules.

Ohio Ethics Code

(GA)

(3 Credit hours)

Quarter 4

Overview: This workshop content focuses on how ethical managerial decisions are made, particularly public managers' obligations under the state code.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Learn the process by which managers proactively or reactively respond to state code violations.
  • Understand those issues the ethics commission wants managers to know.

Performance Measurement

(AC)

(6 Credit Hours)

Quarter 3

Overview: This workshop content will present an understanding of the short-term and long-term impact of performance measures.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Develop a performance measurement system.
  • Use a performance model to critically identify performance improvement areas.
  • Link performance standards to the organization's strategic plan.
  • Establish methods of evaluating performance that impact the organization and its customers.

Personal Productivity

(TQQ)

(3 Credit Hours)

Quarter 2

Overview: This workshop will enhance individual productivity with a focus on Project one. The workshop will focus on maximizing the use of your calendar, managing meeting efficiently, creating and using to-do lists and organizing information.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Learn strategies for effective use of calendars.
  • Learn how to create and use to do lists.
  • Understand how to organize, store and retrieve information.
  • Understand how weekly and daily planning will help with efficiency.
  • Learn how to plan and conduct efficient meetings.

Planning and Evaluation for Certified Public Managers

(AC)

(6 Credit Hours)

Quarter 7

Overview: This workshop content will enable managers to develop long-range strategic plans and appropriate tools to evaluate the plan's effectiveness.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Define strategic planning and project planning so that managers know which tools are most effective.
  • Define measures of success.
  • Identify program/project evaluation tools and techniques that integrate evaluation activities into planning cycles.
  • Diagnose appropriate planning needs and opportunities.
  • Set the context for strategic planning, such as establishing relationships between planning and evaluation.
  • Be introduced to quantitative and qualitative data collection/analysis.

Policy Analysis for Certified Public Managers

(GA)

(6 Credit hours

Quarter 7

Overview: This workshop provides a definition of public policy and the manager's role in policy development. In addition, it provides a description of policy analysis within the manager's role.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand the policy cycle.
  • Understand the institutions and actors involved in policy making.
  • Explore the role of the public manager in policy analysis and policy making.
  • Understand agency policy making through rulemaking.

Project Management

(AC)

(12 Credit hours)
Quarter 2

Overview: This workshop is designed to offer participants an awareness of basic and complex project management tools, terms, and strategies currently in use by public managers. It also provides significant opportunities to practice applying these tools in appropriate phases of a project's life cycle. Participants will also receive orientation to the requirements of the first project.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand the basic principles and terminology of project management.
  • Be able to utilize and discuss various project-based tools that support project management.
  • Be able to produce a project charter and scope.
  • Be able to develop a project plan and each of its components.
  • Understand how to effectively monitor implementation of a project.
  • Understand the criteria for successful completion of a project.
  • Be able to anticipate potential obstacles, both tangible and intangible, to project success.

Public Information Law

(TQQ)

(3 Credit Hours)

Quarter 6

Overview: This workshop content will create an understanding of the Public Records Act.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand responsibilities under the Public Records Act.
  • Define what is a public record.
  • Learn the types of records accessible under the Public Records Act.
  • Learn the consequence if a public office violates the Public Records Act.

Public Sector Leadership

(HR)

(12 Credit hours)

Quarter 2

Overview: This workshop content will emphasize the need for leaders in today's fast-paced global society to be adept at establishing diverse partnerships, alliances and networks for maximum performance.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand high performance continuums by assessing current situations and scrutinizing for improvement opportunities.
  • Define key competencies essential for managers in high performing workplaces.
  • Review Covey's model and six new competencies: systems thinking, statistical thinking, as well as understanding human behavior, learning and improvement, interactions, and providing direction and focus.

Quality Management

(AC)

(6 Credit hours)

Quarter 1

Overview: This workshop content will emphasize the fundamental concepts and importance of quality initiatives within a public organization.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Understand process analysis, process measures, and performance improvement.
  • Understand the team charting process.
  • Learn about project selection and management concepts such as brainstorming and list reduction.
  • Know the following process tools: flowcharts, cause and effect, data collection and pareto charts.
  • Be familiar with solution evaluation.
  • Understand basic facilitation skills.

Reengineering Public Systems

(AC)

(6 Credit Hours)
Quarter 5

Overview: This workshop content will provide an overview of the need to dramatically redesign business practices through a well-designed reengineering process.

Learning Outcomes: Participants will:

  • Know how to apply a reengineering process to an agency.
  • Apply tested change techniques that impact work processes, workflows, and organization structure.
  • Understand causes of resistance to change and strategies for overcoming resistance.
  • Understand the effects of technology in reengineering efforts.